Frostbite Pictures

CHICKENS AT RISK In cold weather, chickens are able to conserve body heat by restricting blood-flow to their combs, wattles and feet, the very parts of the body that give off excess heat in warm weather.The result is a decrease in warmth and oxygen to those extremities, which puts them at risk for frostbite.

This article is about a medical condition. For other uses, see. FrostbiteFrostbitten toes two to three days after mountain climbing,SymptomsNumbness, feeling cold, clumsy, pale color,TypesSuperficial, deepCausesTemperatures below freezing, smoking, certain medications, prior cold injuryBased on symptomsFrostnip,PreventionAvoid cold, wear proper clothing, maintain hydration and nutrition, stay active without becoming exhaustedTreatmentRewarming, medication, surgeryMedication,FrequencyUnknownFrostbite occurs when exposure to low temperatures causes of the skin or other tissues.

The initial symptom is typically numbness. This may be followed by clumsiness with a white or bluish color to the skin. Swelling or blistering may occur following treatment. The hands, feet, and face are most commonly affected. Complications may include or.People who are exposed to low temperatures for prolonged periods, such as winter sports enthusiasts, military personnel, and homeless individuals, are at greatest risk. Other risk factors include drinking, smoking, certain medications, and prior injuries due to cold. The underlying mechanism involves injury from ice crystals and in small following thawing.

Diagnosis is based on symptoms. Severity may be divided into superficial (1st and 2nd degree) or deep (3rd and 4th degree). A or may help in determining the extent of injury.Prevention is through wearing proper clothing, maintaining and nutrition, avoiding low temperatures, and staying active without becoming exhausted. Treatment is by rewarming.

This should be done only when refreezing is not a concern. Rubbing or applying snow to the affected part is not recommended. The use of and is typically recommended. For severe injuries or may be used. Surgery is sometimes necessary.

Amputation, however, should generally be delayed for a few months to allow determination of the extent of injury.The number of cases of frostbite is unknown. Rates may be as high as 40% a year among those who. The most common age group affected is those 30 to 50 years old. Evidence of frostbite occurring in people dates back 5,000 years.

Frostbite has also played an important role in a number of military conflicts. The first formal description of the condition was in 1813 by, a physician in 's army, during its. FrostbiteAreas that are usually affected include cheeks, ears, nose and fingers and toes. Frostbite is often preceded by frostnip. The symptoms of frostbite progress with prolonged exposure to cold. Historically, frostbite has been classified by degrees according to skin and sensation changes, similar to burn classifications.

However, the degrees do not correspond to the amount of long term damage. A simplification of this system of classification is superficial (first or second degree) or deep injury (third or fourth degree).

First degree. First degree frostbite is superficial, surface skin damage that is usually not permanent. Early on, the primary symptom is loss of feeling in the skin. In the affected areas, the skin is numb, and possibly swollen, with a reddened border.

In the weeks after injury, the skin's surface may slough off.Second degree. In second degree frostbite, the skin develops clear early on, and the skin's surface hardens.

In the weeks after injury, this hardened, blistered skin dries, blackens, and peels. At this stage, lasting cold sensitivity and numbness can develop.Third degree. In third degree frostbite, the layers of tissue below the skin freeze. Symptoms include blood blisters and 'blue-grey discoloration of the skin'.

In the weeks after injury, pain persists and a blackened crust develops. There can be longterm and damage to.Fourth degree. Frostbite 12 days later. In fourth degree frostbite, structures below the skin are involved like muscles, tendon, and bone. Early symptoms include a colorless appearance of the skin, a hard texture, and painless rewarming.

Later, the skin becomes black. The amount of permanent damage can take one month or more to determine.

Can occur after two months.Causes Risk factors The major risk factor for frostbite is exposure to cold through geography, occupation and/or recreation. Inadequate clothing and shelter are major risk factors. Frostbite is more likely when the body's ability to produce or retain heat is impaired. Physical, behavioral, and environmental factors can all contribute to the development of frostbite. Immobility and physical stress (such as malnutrition or dehydration) are also risk factors. Disorders and substances that impair circulation contribute, including, and use. Homeless individuals and individuals with some mental illnesses may be at higher risk.

Mechanism Freezing In frostbite, cooling of the body causes narrowing of the blood vessels. Temperatures below −4 °C (25 °F) are required to form ice crystals in the tissues.

The process of freezing causes ice crystals to form in the tissue, which in turn causes damage at the cellular level. Ice crystals can damage directly. In addition, ice crystals can damage small blood vessels at the site of injury.

Forms when replace the dead cells. Rewarming Rewarming causes tissue damage through, which involves vasodilation, swelling (edema), and poor blood flow (stasis). Is another possible mechanism of injury. Blisters and spasm of blood vessels can develop after rewarming. Non-freezing cold injury The process of frostbite differs from the process of non-freezing cold injury (NFCI). In NFCI, temperature in the tissue decreases gradually.

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This slower temperature decrease allows the body to try to compensate through alternating cycles of closing and opening blood vessels ( and ). If this process continues, inflammatory act in the area. Small (microthrombi) form and can cut off blood to the affected area (known as ) and damage nerve fibers. Rewarming causes a series of inflammatory chemicals such as to increase localized clotting. 3 weeks after initial frostbiteTissue loss and are potential consequences of frostbite.

Permanent nerve damage including loss of feeling can occur. It can take several weeks to know what parts of the tissue will survive. Time of exposure to cold is more predictive of lasting injury than temperature the individual was exposed to. The classification system of grades, based on the tissue response to initial rewarming and other factors is designed to predict degree of longterm recovery.

Grades Grade 1: if there is no initial lesion on the area, no amputation or lasting effects are expectedGrade 2: if there is a lesion on the distal body part, tissue and fingernails can be destroyedGrade 3: if there is a lesion on the intermediate or near body part, autoamputation and loss of function can occurGrade 4: if there is a lesion very near the body (such as the carpals of the hand), the limb can be lost. Sepsis and/or other systemic problems are expected.A number of long term sequelae can occur after frostbite. These include transient or permanent changes in sensation, increased sweating, cancers, and bone destruction/ in the area affected.

Epidemiology There is a lack of comprehensive statistics about the of frostbite. In the United States, frostbite is more common in northern states. In Finland, annual was 2.5 per 100,000 among civilians, compared with 3.2 per 100,000 in Montreal.

Research suggests that men aged 30–49 are at highest risk, possibly due to occupational or recreational exposures to cold. History Frostbite has been described in military history for millennia. The Greeks encountered and discussed the problem of frostbite as early as 400 BCE. Researchers have found evidence of frostbite in humans dating back 5,000 years, in an Andean mummy. Napoleon's Army was the first documented instance of mass cold injury in the early 1800s.

According to Zafren, nearly 1 million combatants fell victim to frostbite in the First and Second World Wars, and the Korean War. Society and culture Several notable cases of frostbite include:, an English army captain and explorer who in 1912 died of complications of frostbite; noted American rock climber, who in 1982 lost both legs below the knee to frostbite after being stranded on in a blizzard;, a survivor of the who lost his nose and hands to frostbite; Scottish mountaineer, who in 1999 had all four limbs amputated due to sepsis from frostbite sustained climbing the. Research directions Evidence is insufficient to determine whether or not as an adjunctive treatment can assist in tissue salvage.

Cases have been reported, but no has been performed on humans.Medical using intravenous has also been attempted with limited success. Studies have suggested that administration of (tPa) either intravenously or intra-arterially may decrease the likelihood of eventual need for amputation. References.